OverviewConcentrationHistoryFroth flotationHydrometallurgical extractionSulfide smeltingConcentrate and copper marketingSee also
Most copper ores contain only a small percentage of copper metal bound up within valuable ore minerals, with the remainder of the ore being unwanted rock or gangue minerals, typically silicate mineralsor oxide minerals for which there is often no value. In some cases, tailings have been retreated to recover lost value as the technology for recovering copper has improved. The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 0.6 copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals including copper bein
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